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Gilbert and Sullivan
Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian-era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and the composer Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900) and to the works they jointly created. The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896, of which ''H.M.S. Pinafore'', ''The Pirates of Penzance'' and ''The Mikado'' are among the best known.〔Davis, Peter G. (''Smooth Sailing'' ), ''New York'' magazine, 21 January 2002, accessed 6 November 2007〕
Gilbert, who wrote the words, created fanciful "topsy-turvy" worlds for these operas where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion—fairies rub elbows with British lords, flirting is a capital offence, gondoliers ascend to the monarchy, and pirates turn out to be noblemen who have gone wrong.〔Leigh, Mike. ("True anarchists" ), ''The Guardian'', 4 November 2007, accessed 6 November 2007〕 Sullivan, six years Gilbert's junior, composed the music, contributing memorable melodies〔"Form and symmetry he seems to possess by instinct; rhythm and melody clothe everything he touches; the music shows not only sympathetic genius, but sense, judgement, proportion, and a complete absence of pedantry and pretension; while the orchestration is distinguished by a happy and original beauty hardly surpassed by the greatest masters." Sir George Grove. ("Arthur Sullivan 1842–1900" ), ''The Musical Times'', December 1900, accessed 28 October 2007〕 that could convey both humour and pathos.〔Gian Andrea Mazzucato in ''The Musical Standard'' of 30 December 1899: "() ... will ... be classed among the epoch-making composers, the select few whose genius and strength of will empowered them to find and found a national school of music, that is, to endow their countrymen with the undefinable, yet positive means of evoking in a man's soul, by the magic of sound, those delicate nuances of feeling which are characteristic of the emotional power of each different race." Quoted in the ''Sir Arthur Sullivan Society Journal'', No. 34, Spring 1992, pp. 11–12〕
Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world.〔Bradley (2005), Chapter 1〕〔Hewett, Ivan.
("The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan" ). ''The Telegraph'', 2 August 2009, accessed 14 April 2010.〕 Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century.〔[Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares", ''Hartford Courant'', 18 October 2006〕 The operas have also influenced political discourse, literature, film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humourists. Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration.〔Crowther, Andrew. [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/articles/html/quarrel.html "The Carpet Quarrel Explained"], ''The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive'', 28 June 1997, accessed 6 November 2007〕 He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works (which came to be known as the Savoy Operas) and founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan's works for over a century.
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